Literary research

Nathan Furr finds many reasons for doing literary research.   He summarizes these to be â€Å"Experiencing the Other, learning compassion and service, gaining insight into ourselves, finding new ways of thinking, understanding and writing more clearly, and uncovering the joy of discovery and creation† (Furr, 3).   To these he also adds essentially, the power of literary research to combat misinformation.   Generally, Furr’s reasons are similar to my own; however, I would make some changes to his conclusions. Two of Furr’s claims with which I unequivocally agree are that literary research allows one the ability of â€Å"understanding and writing more clearly† as well as a major reason for literary research being â€Å"uncovering the joy of discovery and creation.† These two reasons are of key importance because the detective aspect of literary research is a large part of what makes it so appealing to me.   By extension, a pile of research serves little value even if the research was conducted merely out of my own curiosity because the compiling, organizing, and writing are all essential components in answering the initial question.   Without the writing forcing me to synthesize the facts I have discovered and draw coherent conclusions, the research itself as well as whatever conclusions I drew are more easily forgotten. The first reason Furr lists is â€Å"experiencing the Other.†Ã‚   While this does seem like a valuable reason, I would more likely phrase it as â€Å"expanding one’s world view.†Ã‚   At least for me, this broader category makes more sense.   In the example he gives about the man from Poland, I think not only do we get to see the world from his perspective, but through oral histories like this we gain a valuable insight into the time and place described.   Thinking of it as experiencing the Other feels uncomfortable to me in that it seems to separate the researcher from the research subject, and as I think Furr would agree, that distance is exactly what literary research often seeks to minimize. While Furr’s claim that literary research can aid in â€Å"finding new ways of thinking,† I had difficulty with his example of research for buying a computer.   At the end of this paragraph, he summarizes the process of research saying, â€Å"We start with a problem or question, being researching, follow leads, assemble materials, and then create a product† (Furr, 2).   I agree that this is how research is conducted; however, is that really finding a new way of thinking?   It seems more like gathering information to form a conclusion and it should thus be labeled something more like â€Å"providing information.† I think this is especially true because, aside from his example, literary research does not necessarily facilitate the discovery of new ways of thinking.   I think it is possible that one could research a topic and emerge with a legitimate conclusion or â€Å"product† but without any new way of thinking about the problem beyond having found a satisfactory conclusion.   Ideally, this would not be the case.   Anyone conducting literary research would discover a new way of seeing a problem, but I think it is too broad a generalization to assume that this is always true.   At any rate, I think if this is truly what Mr. Furr is asserting, it would fit better, for me, into the â€Å"expanding one’s world view† category. Furr also sees â€Å"gaining insight into ourselves† as another reason for doing literary research.   In describing this reason, Furr states that through literary research many people seek to essentially â€Å"unlocking what we have always known and affirming it to ourselves. (Furr, 2). This seems to be Furr’s most direct reference to researcher bias.   I found his lack of a full discussion of this topic to be a major shortcoming of his article.   True, research in it most basic form involves uncovering information, but the world—in literary and historical senses as well as many others—is a very complex web of thoughts, experiences, and interpretations. I would argue that there is no one Truth, and the belief in such a thing is naà ¯ve.   The most obvious case would be the Bible.   Many different people seek to use the Bible to support very different claims.   Often passages sighted are contradictory and can easily support conflicting contentions.   The literary researcher does uncover information, but what is uncovered is only part of the story.   Which part is uncovered is largely reliant upon the sources one utilizes. The selection of source is also a product of bias.   For example, I would not use a Hindi newspaper, nor would I look to an un-translated Mayan text.   These two can be seen as extremes because of linguistic inaccessibility, but in doing research we generally gravitate toward sources with which we are comfortable whether books, popular media, scholarly articles, newspapers, oral histories, or any number of available source material. Beyond comfort with sources, I think Furr’s assertion falters in that it does not explicitly take into account that researchers find what they seek.   This affirming of one’s own beliefs is key to researcher bias because, for example, people who want to claim that the Holocaust never happened, will do so regardless of any information others try to point out to them.   Further, they will conduct their own research and doubtless find material that supports their conclusion, however false that conclusion may seem to be. Furr discusses the power of misinformation, but fails to consider the fact that many people do research and come up with unpopular conclusions that fly in the face of nearly all other findings.   Simply because we know it happened, when looking at the issue of the Holocaust we can claim that people denying it existence are spreading misinformation, but with more complex issues, and issues for which there are not survivors, it becomes clear that one person’s misinformation can be another’s highly researched cutting-edge discovery.   It all depends on where you look and what you are hoping to find. Another of Furr’s reasons for literary research—learning compassion and service—seems a bit optimistic to me.   Of course, we would like to believe that knowledge conquers darkness, but again compassion is a highly subjective issue.   Many people research literature, science, and history either explicitly in search of or resulting in reasons to assert their own superiority and use to oppress others.   One example would be people who researched, and still do research, on the biological inferiority of minorities to perpetuate and legitimize racist practices.   Finding compassion in such research is difficult if not impossible. In terms of service though, I enjoyed Furr’s claim that research is an ethical action.   While again this statement seems a bit simplistic, I think the argument he quotes from Altick and Fenstermaker that literary research can serve to extend â€Å"the traditional boundaries of scholarly and critical interest† is a valid one (Furr, 2).   While I do find Furr’s claims to be optimistic, I agree that in the best-case scenarios they are both true and of extreme value, but it is important to highlight some possibilities for which his arguments do not seem to account. I do agree that there are many important reasons both personal and social to undertake literary research.   Perhaps the strongest impetus for doing research is curiosity, â€Å"is that so?   I’ll look it up.†Ã‚   On an individual level when someone makes a seemingly unrealistic claim, literary research is an important tool in satisfying curiosity and quelling argument. Investigating misinformation is also very valuable on a larger social level.   This calls to mind the Program on International Policy Attitudes 2003 study that surveyed Americans to determine their rate of misperception about three issues surrounding the Gulf War and found that 80% Fox News viewers held at least one of the misperceptions (PIPA, 13).   To me, this illustrates the importance of literary research more than any other example. If one accepts information from one source uncritically, then they are completely at the mercy of that source’s biases.   While I believe it is true that a researcher is limited by their own biases, at least those biases are their own.   Exposure to sources with different biases is important in opening up new avenues of inquiry, but undertaking literary research is vital to locating other biases and interpreting information provided by those sources.   Literary research then is the key to knowing not only one’s own mind, but understanding the minds of others, and thus one of the most valuable tools anyone can employ in developing intellectually, personally, and socially. Works Cited Furr, Nathan. Literary Research: The Importance of Process and Product. Kull, Steven. â€Å"Misperceptions, the Media, and the War in Iraq.† Pipa.com. 2 Oct. 2003. Program on International Policy Attitudes. 22 Dec. 2006 .   

Null hypothesis. Marketing Essay

Assessment activity 1 1. When conducting research on behalf of your organisation or for a client organisation, how will you determine the most appropriate data sources to use? In this case the most suitable data source will be a desk research because this information will have already been gathered, analysed and reported on by other companies. It means that you will not waste time and money doing what others before you have done. 2. Why are cross checks and cross references necessary? To ensure the information is correct. Assessment activity 2 1. What tools would you use to collect and collate data and why would you use them? 2. Why should your desk research include the collection and analysis of data relative to the organisation’s current and past performance? Collection and analysis of data relative to the organisation’s current and past performance is very important to decide what we are looking for and the questions we are trying to answer. In this way our needs can be met. Assessment activity 3 Describe and explain the reporting formats that might be required to follow when submitting desk research results. Assessment activity 4 1. What is the difference between working and null hypothesis? A working hypothesis is a theory that we can use in our thinking about possible consequences. Such hypotheses allow us to predict and then look for results. Null hypothesis stands in direct contrast to its Alternative hypothesis. If we propose that action A will cause result B, we have a testable hypothesis, called the alternative. 2. How do these hypothesis help to focus the research? It help to guide the development of a research project and aid you in determining the direction you need to take and the questions to which you need answers. Assessment tool 2 1. What is desk research? Explain the steps involved Desk research is identification and analysis of information which has already been compiled and published in some form. The basics of a good desk research involve: – knowing where to look and what to look for – Understanding the quality of the source material – ensuring you get the right information. Core to any desk research is obtaining a list of sources. If you do know the subject area or the key jumping off points, you are likely to know exactly where to look immediately. This is where experienced researchers have advantages, as typically, they have a wide knowledge of sources know where to look and how to look. 2. What are quantitative and qualitative data? Explain the differences and their use in market research. Quantitative data is anything that can be added up whereas qualitative data deals with options, attitudes and behaviour and provides dues as to â€Å"why and how†. Quantitative information allows analysis of the strength of a trend. It is used to answer questions such as ‘who, what, where and when’. Qualitative info consists of descriptive statements about events that have happened. It includes opinions or comments by customers on a product or a service provided, future plans or even visions of what an organisation right become. 3. Describe the techniques you would use to identify potential research respondents. 4. Why is it important to ensure that rooms and facilities for survey recruits are well prepared? Describe how you would conduct a data gathering session. 5. Compare and discuss 2 software applications suitable for entering data. Assessment tool 3 Market research Market research is a powerful tool, which can be utilized to better understand a company’s customer base – allowing these companies to optimize their advertisements, predict market trends and guide their overall decision making. Specially in the case of coffee shops world. This report covers multiple and independent coffee shops. Coffee shops are defined as outlets where coffee accounts for a sizeable (usually at least around 40%) part of sales with quite a restricted, mainly packaged, food offer and small amounts if any, free alcohol. For some countries this will therefore include outlets such as donut shops and bars. Market value is based on expenditure including sales tax in these outlets; market volume is based on numbers of outlets. A Snapshot report is designed to provide instant preliminary market research. Each report provides an overview of the defined market, including market size, market forecast, segmentation, company market share along with top-line socio economic data. The data is supplied in both graphical and tabular format for ease of interpretation and analysis. There is is a mix of primary and secondary data sources. In addition each market contains an exclusive 5 year market size forecast. What’s more, our team of international research analysts are always on hand to provide further assistance where required. It’s a level of service you won’t find anywhere else. Secondary Research All secondary data sets in both local and global languages are derived from a range of sources, from government statistics to trade magazines. In addition, strong relationships with different companies. . Typically an analyst use a minimum of 3 to 4 data points for each table, analysing different aspects of the market. Full transparency of source data is provided for all secondary sources. Furthermore, we need to seek written permission from the original source which is quoted in every case, reinforcing the integrity and robust nature of the data. Primary Research – Trade Interviews Once secondary research has been exhausted, the language specialist researcher will then validate the information collected though semi-structured telephone interviews. Validation through telephone interviews is critical. We aim to receive confirmation from National Trade Associations, Statistic Offices, and major players of each quoted market. Forecast Methodology The basic model which the GMN forecast was built on is called the ISDE model, which is a framework based on four main concepts, namely: ï‚ · Interface ï‚ · Supply ï‚ · Demand ï‚ · Environment These four concepts can each affect the fluctuation of markets. First, all the main parameters are identified that affect the market/industry which is to be forecasted. Once identified the parameter is matched to and classified with the ISDE model. Interface These are factors which affect markets or industries. Mainly they regard to conditions and factors in the transition phase between the supply and demand. Supply  The total amount of goods and services that are available to purchase. Demand  Desire, ability or need by individuals or companies to purchase goods or services. Environment  The environment includes all factors external to the market or industry, which in one way or another, influence them. Each element of the ISDE model is affected by different parameters. Based on their understanding of the sector in question, the analyst selects the parameter regarded as the most relevant. For reasons of conformity, reliability and currency, the range of parameters at the analyst’s disposal is confined to eight parameters. These are updated on a monthly basis: ï‚ · Real agriculture ï‚ · Real industry ï‚ · Real manufacturing ï‚ · Real services ï‚ · Population ï‚ · Private Consumption The research methodology employed by MSI has been subject to numerous procedures to guarantee the quality and the reliability of the information contained within the reports. In-house consultants are employed full-time and receive a sixmonths training period to acquire and implement MSI’s research methodology. MSI’s methodology can be divided into five principal stages: †¢ Stage 1: secondary research  The consultancy teams work closely with trade associations, magazines, and government bodies operating in the researched field. Further research is also carried out from information available internally from our in-house documentation service and externally from the Internet. The latter is carried out by our teams which have the experience and the knowhow to efficiently and productively extract information from existing sources. †¢ Stage 2: primary research: interviews with trade sources The consultancy team proceeds to undertake a series of telephone or face-to-face interviews, with a representative selection of companies operating in the chosen industry. Every attempt is made to talk to leading players in the sector as well as smaller companies. Interviews are therefore carried out with manufacturers, distributors, importers, suppliers, installers and end-users. Indeed, some of our studies involve more than a hundred interviews. The data gathered from interviews is systematically checked and compared with the secondary research. †¢ Stage 3: analysis of the gathered data The information gathered during the two previous stages is then analysed and synthesized. A second series of interviews can be done if necessary to check and validate the data during this decisive stage. †¢ Stage 4: quantitative data MSI reports provide quantitative data, such as market estimates and forecasts, to measure the researched market. This data is based on the estimates obtained during stage 3. The quantitative data contained in the reports is based upon the consultancy teams’ appreciation and analysis of the market and is consequently unique to MSI. †¢ Stage 5: quality control  Each report is the subject of a rigorous checking and editing process by an experienced management team.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Research Paper Example The U.S. no longer manufacture enough to feed it is locals. The economic situation is unsustainable. The United States imports more than it is able to export. The U.S. is disposing off it is assets to sustain a moderate standard of living. In some constraining circumstances, the U.S. is taking massive debts to sustain the economy from falling (Baker & Baker, 2011). According to Cotton (1958), economical problems reflect the inadequacy of intellectual and material resources in the society. United States is world super power characterized by the control of the world in decision making of economic nature. Also notwithstanding, it is the most unequal industrialized nation, apart from the few Asians city states. Some of the economic problems now facing include the following (Cotton, 1958). There is the problem of trade deficits. Currently the U.S. imports more than it exports. For this reason the net cash outflow is negative. The U.S. has failed to produce enough to feed it is people; hence it is forced to import food from other countries. While this is happening, the regulatory and tax system have without a vivid reason raised domestic business costs. Apart from this, the fundamental cause to the present economic crisis in the U.S. was caused by the three decades detrimental U.S. trade and globalization policies (Baker & Baker, 2011). In addition, the economic problem in the U.S. is the inaccessibility to the markets. U.S. has naively and assumed that other countries will carry and hold themselves to the U.S. standards. The measured standards here include environment, labor and competition policy, Cotton (1958). These standards greatly affect the cost of production in the U.S. Economically, â€Å"if these countries fail to adhere to these standards, they gain an unfair cost advantage†. It is believed that U.S market has lost it is former glory, due the participation in the world trade.

Global warming after see incinvenience truth Essay

Global warming after see incinvenience truth - Essay Example They believe that the atmospheric temperature rise is caused by solar variations and we have nothing to do with it. An Inconvenient Truth was a documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim, in 2006, about former United States Vice President Al Gores campaign to educate citizens about global warming. Al Gore has shown many slides about the consequences of global warming to educate the people about the importance of this issue in this film. He has presented the scientific opinion about the climate change and the possible future effects of global warming in this film (An Inconvenient Truth) Scientific studies showed that atmospheric temperature rise and sea level rise may continue for more than 1000 years even if we manage to stabilize the greenhouse gas levels now. Increased atmospheric temperature is definitely a threat for the sustainability of life on earth. Sea level raise, increased extreme weather intensities, changes in agricultural yields, complete destruction of some living things etc are some of the immediate difficulties we can anticipate. â€Å"Sea level has trended upward for the past 150 years at a rate of 7 inches per century† (Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide). As per another study, sea level might rise by as much as six feet by 2100 (Eilperin). The over atmospheric heat may expand the seawater and it may raise more than one feet in the coming 100 years as per the evidences collected by the scientists. Such a sea level rise may sink the countries like UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait etc. The increased warming of atmosphere may melt the huge snow deposits on Arctic and Antarctic regions which will cause the sea level to be further raised. Scientists already proved that the height of Everest decreases and also the Snow Mountains disappearing slowly due to global warming. â€Å"Today the amount of carbon dumped globally into the atmosphere corresponds, on average, to one ton per person on the

IBook Neurology Clerkship Thesis Project (Introduction)

IBook Neurology Clerkship Project (Introduction) - Thesis Example There is a lot of sensitivity within the healthcare industry where clinicians deal with matters of life and death and thus students in the medical schools and other related fields should be well equipped with both theoretical and practical knowledge that will be achieved through this project. The project will utilize the iPad through its iBook software to deliver instruction to students. Since all students in the clerkship are provided iPads, the iPads will also insure that students get 24-hour access to comprehensive learning tools and student support services. As a learning tool inside and outside of the classroom, the iBook will blend the theories of problem-based learning in interactive-simulated style to help these medical students practice their critical thinking while fostering intrinsic motivation to learn and collaborate with others. Not only will the iBook aid students with their own learning, but it will also give instructors a way to measure the progress of their students by gathering data about their student’s advancement through iBook simulations and iBook assessment exams. Overall, the project will help all medical students in the Neurology clerkship to better succeed in the program and become better critically thinking medical professionals in the process. Medical students, at the University of California Irvine, must complete numerous clerkships as they complete their medical training. The Neurology Clerkship is one of the last that students must complete. In an effort to increase student success rates, UC Irvine has provided all medical students with iPads. The iPads introduce students with a transformative mode of learning by connecting students with the same advancements in seen in the medical profession in the classroom. Even though iPads provide both students and instructors with the technological tools necessary for success, not all programs

Case study of learning disabled student Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Of learning disabled student - Case Study Example Albert has a learning disability which affects hearing processing. Like many students with invisible disabilities, such as learning and mental impairments, he is sensitive to the attitudes and thoughts of fellow classmates and teachers regarding his need for a note taker in class. He is hesitant to publicize this need among his class fellows, fearing perceptions of special treatment, illogical reasons, and negative stereotyping .Although the student disability source hub had provided paperwork and approval for financial compensation for a note taker, nearly two weeks had passed and still no classroom volunteers were known. Involvement from the student disability source hub included contact with the teacher who then made a general declaration in class about the need for a note taker, noting that financial compensation would be provided; if there were no volunteers, the disability resources office staff would employ on campus for a paid note taker enrolled in the class. It was also suggested that the teacher provide teaching outlines and the alternative for the student to tape record the lectures. Additional support was provided to the student through disability management counseling, which reinforced self-advocacy and learning skills.As a result of this, three way coordination established among student, teaching staff and the officials Albert overcomes on the concerns about what others may think and help in attaining academic accommodations. The disability source hub helps him to develop self-advocacy and learning skills. Flourishing reintegration into conventional secondary school required an adherence to the school carry out/behavioral policy rather than â€Å"accomplishment† in behavioral terms and academic accomplishment required to be in line with the range of students in the school. It was also important for there to be clear links between the school for pupils with emotional and behavioral

One Independent Federal Law Enforcement DHS Agency Assignment

One Independent Federal Law Enforcement DHS Agency - Assignment Example Introduction As a response to the September 11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. government signed the Homeland Security Act in 2002, establishing the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) charged with primary responsibilities in terrorism prevention and response alongside emergency planning and response (DHS, 2002). This important agency operates through various divisions including U.S Customs and Border Protection, U.S Coast Guard, U.S Secret Service, Federal Emergency Management Agency and the U.S Citizenship and Immigration Services. This study narrows down to the operations of the U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP) division, noting the primary and subsidiary roles of the agency and how these two roles impact on the agency’s ability to execute its primary responsibility. Further, preparation of agents for operations and how the agency interacts with state and local law enforcement agencies is analyzed. 1. The CBP division of the DHS is primarily charged with preventing terr orists and terrorist weapons from having access to the United States. To pursue this role, the CBP guards about 9000 miles of land border (Canada and Mexico- 7000 miles) and water border (coastal waters-2000 miles). Further, the agency collaborates with the U.S Coast Guard division of the DHS to guard 95,000 miles of maritime border. The operations of the CBP in counterterrorism are geared towards the official ports of entry in the borders while air and marine patrols are undertaken to further deter terrorism. The CBP also undertakes prevention and response against agro-terrorism and bioterrorism. At the points of entry, the CBP undertakes a number of field activities to prevent terrorism including cargo inspection, immigration inspection program and automated targeting systems. Between the border points of entry, mobile units for patrol purposes are deployed. On the air front, the agency utilizes 700 pilots and 290 airplanes several types including unmanned ones. Lastly, the marine front is backed with 360 marine agents who work in coordination with the air division to interdict and repulse any terrorist activities (CBP, 2010). With all this capacity, the CBP is an important division of the DHS in terms of the objectives of the latter’s formation in counterterrorism. It maintains the largest law enforcement manpower in the USA indicating prioritization made about terrorism. 2. The CBP agency also undertakes several other roles besides its primary counterterrorism activities. 3. One of these non-counterterrorism roles of the CBP are in terms of trade. Through maintenance of close relationships with the government, trade parties and foreign governments, the CBP facilitates the occurrence of legitimate trade through serving as a U.S trade laws enforcement agency. This is undertaken through prevention of counterfeit trade at the official points of entry and through patrolling non-point of entry areas. The CBP not only inspects arriving cargo (about 25 mill ion containers arriving each year at U.S seaport, airports and through rail) but also ensures revenue for these is properly collected (CBP, 2010). To further support its roles in trade, the CBP maintains a trade support network, provides traders with information for locating ports of entry, publishes trade newsletters, maintains information about import trends, commodity status reports, tariff rates, quota

Cryogenic treatment of metal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cryogenic treatment of metal - Essay Example Untempered martensite should, therefore, have treatment below the minimum critical temperatures of the metal so as to enable diffusion of the excess carbon from the body-centre tetragonal structure hence it creates a more stable structure. Tempering leads to an even distribution of alloying elements in precipitation-hardening alloys like super alloys of aluminum (L.K. Zhang. 148). The elements cause internal reactions, which results in the formation of inter-metallic phases referred to as precipitates. The precipitates formed during tempering strengthen the alloys. In addition, multistep tempering can result in the formation of several precipitates that effect to high strength alloy. Cryogenic treatment is carried out in metals in the process to enhance metallic wear characteristics. Cryogenic metal treatment is quite a new metal treatment process in engineering and is one of the most utilized metal treatment processes in the industry (Xiaojun Jianga 62). Utilization of cryogenic temperature (below -2400 F) is a new application in metal treatment especially in the ultra-cold realm. The method was tried in early 1940s, but it was found to produce thermal stresses because of the rapid cooling of the metal in liquid nitrogen. Because of the formation of thermal stresses, cryogenic treatment was not in use for industrial purposes until late 1960s. Cryogenic metal treatment process was improved to the use of gaseous nitrogen, which results in reduced formation of thermal stresses (L.K. Zhang. 32). There are three major cryogenic treatment process established in mechanical engineering. Initially, the metal is slowly cooled down from ambient atmospheric temperatures to cryogenic temperatures. Cooling of the metal parts slowly leads to a reduction in the formation of thermal stresses. Slow cooling process also ensures that the general

Definition of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Definition of Poetry Essay According to W.H.Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry given by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† * Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the imagination and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the antithesis of science, having for its immediate object pleasure, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the rhythmic creation of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The suggestion by the imagination, of noble grounds for the noble emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: * â€Å"It is simply the most delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth† * â€Å"It is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty† As Hudson state when we look at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are almost distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetical in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too narrow and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

Benefiting Students Through A Brain-Based Learning Environment Essay Example for Free

Benefiting Students Through A Brain-Based Learning Environment Essay The question of nature versus nurture as it pertains to human development has been a debate among psychologists for years. And after decades of research, there is still no definitive answer as to whether nature (genes) or nurture (environment and upbringing) are responsible for certain characteristics of an individual. However, many researchers now believe that environmental factors play a more significant role than genetic factors. The acceptance of this belief has many implications for teachers, because it directly affects the teaching strategies they will use in the classroom. In addition, recent findings in brain-based research are providing educators with an understanding of how the brain learns, and how it learns best. As a result, in order to optimize student motivation, involvement, and retention, teachers can no longer ignore the importance of brain-based learning in the educational environment (Wilmes, Harrington, Kohler-Evans, Sumpter, 2008). In the text, Brain-Based Learning The New Paradigm of Teaching, Eric Jensen emphasizes the correlation between students’ emotional states and their learning potential. Adjacently, of the various emotional states a student experiences at any given time, distressed is the most detrimental. A brain in distress results in a long list of negative impacts on learning, including the loss of the ability to correctly interpret subtle clues from the environment, the loss of the ability to index and access information, diminished long-term memory, loss of the ability to perceived relationships, and a lessened capacity for high-order thinking (Jensen, 44). Therefore, managing classroom stress through brain-based strategies is an enormous advantage for students. Childhood stress can be caused by any situation that requires a person to adapt or change (Larzelere, 2010). These changes can be positive such as a new sibling or a new pet, or negative such as poverty, abuse, and separation. It is understandable that the negative stressors are the most harmful to a child’s development. One of the greatest challenges for teachers that aim to alleviate students’ stress is that not all stress-related symptoms are directly measurable or obvious to others (e.g., worry, headache ), thus unrecognized symptoms are likely to go untreated (Shah, 2011). Still, there are many brain-based strategies that teachers can incorporate to help reduce the amount of stress a student experiences in the classroom. First of all, educators can increase a students’ sense of security at school by opening a dialogue with them about their fears. In fact, sometimes just the opportunity to talk about these issues helps reduce the burden (Jensen, 49). In addition, by incorporating small group activities and the use of teamwork among students, a teacher can strengthen a student’s ability to communicate and problem solve. Another example of how a teacher can encourage positive relationships among their students is to offer as much choice and autonomy as possible. Research has shown that creating a classroom environment where student expression and choice are solicited provides a welcoming atmosphere for children to grow at independent rates (Rushton, 2008). There are many ways in which a teacher can afford their students the opportunity to express themselves. Incorporating art, dance, poetry, singing, journal reflection, sports, and debate into a student’s classroom experience are al l productive ways of giving students choice. They are also great ways to introduce rituals of positive affirmation. For example, by creating traditions of applause and team cheers, teachers can help bolster a students’ confidence and improve their self-esteem. Another type of negative stress that some students feel is performance anxiety. Performance anxiety is a fear of not being able to complete a task to the best of one’s ability. As a result, students often experience a â€Å"mental block†, or an inability to retrieve stored information or think creatively. It is very common for students to have performance anxiety before test taking, often times negatively affecting their test scores. Studies show that emotional self-efficacy appears useful in managing negative effects of anxiety (Galla, Wood, 2012). Teachers can help to lessen the occurrence of performance anxiety in their students by regularly activating prior learning. For instance, reviewing previous lessons, offering generous feedback, and establishing mechanisms for self-evaluation and peer review, are all strategie s a teacher can use to reduce learner stress and increase confidence immediately (Jensen, 50). While stress management is an important aspect of supporting a brain-compatible learning environment, stress is not the only emotional state that students cope with. There is a myriad of emotions that a student can feel from one time to another, and a myriad of external stimuli that can trigger those emotions as well. The child’s brain receives stimuli from the learning environment via each of their senses as the stimuli are transformed into a chemical electrical reaction that is the beginning of all learning (Rushton, 2008). One example of such stimuli is classroom acoustics. Poorly designed classrooms that fail to address and reduce ambient noise, echo effect, reverberation, and other acoustical problems cause a decrease in student attention and an increase in off-task behaviors (Jensen, 73). Students whose learning style is predominantly auditory are at the biggest disadvantage. As a result, discipline problems increase and student learning is negatively affected. Such problems are an enormous issue for schools today.For example, many schools across the country have classrooms that exceed the maximum background noise level of 30 to 35 d ecibels recommended by the Acoustical Society of America (Harris, Lambert, 2011). Therefore it is important for teachers to implement brain-based strategies to counter-act the negative effect of a poor acoustical learning environment. This can be done simply by moving around the classroom while speaking. Also, changing the location of students around the classroom can help those at a disadvantage. Using music appropriately in the classroom is another brain-compatible way to positively affect students’ emotional state throughout the learning process. In fact, recent research suggests that music may be a powerful tool in building reasoning power, memory, and intelligence (Jensen, 76). A teacher can change a negative emotional state simply by playing upbeat music in the background periodically throughout the day. Lesson plans can also be enriched through the use of music to elicit certain emotions relevant to the subject matter. Such emotional involvement greatly helps the student comprehend and retain the lesson. Music not only affects students emotionally, but physiologically as well. Music’s potential effects on the body include, increase muscular energy, increased heartrate, reduction of pain and stress, relief of fatigue, and stimulation of creativity, sensitivity, and thinking (Jensen, 75). Another example of external stimuli that can affect learning is classroom aroma. Aromas are especially important because they take one of the most direct pathways to the brain (Jensen, 72). The sense of smell affects brain chemistry and has the ability to change moods in powerful ways. Certain types of scent stimulation like food can disrupt the accelerated learning functions of our brain, and chemical smells from air fresheners, perfume, and even some essential oils can be distracting and block learning (Rogers, 2010). However, certain aromas, such as peppermint, basil, and lemon, enhance motivation, attention, and creativity. And aromas such as chamomile, lavender, orange, and rose calm nerve s and encourage relaxation (Jensen, 72). By using aromas appropriately in the classroom, and keeping aware of aromas that are disruptive or distracting, a teacher can optimize their students’ learning environment. Light in the environment is an additional example of external stimuli that can hinder a students’ learning potential. Lighting strongly influences vision, which strongly influences learning, thus anything we can do to make our eyes more comfortable in the classroom contributes to optimal learning (Jensen, 57). Classrooms that receive a lot of natural sunlight are the most advantageous for students. Natural sunlight helps students’ mood and motivation by delivering vitamin D through uptake by the skin, and in turn raising mood-elevating serotonin. In fact, studies have shown that students with the most sunlight in their classrooms progressed 20 percent faster on math tests and 26 percent faster on reading tests compared to students with the least lighting (Jensen, 58). However, on the other side of the coin, too much morning sunlight can have an adverse effect. Thus, it is important for educators to have an awareness of the effect classroom lighting has on their students learning and strategize accordingly. By providing a variety of lighting types in the classroom and giving learners a choice in determining where they sit can help with student comfort in the classroom (Jensen, 58). Color also plays an enormous role in creating a productive and secure learning environment. Color is an important factor in the physical learning environment and is a major element in interior design that impacts student achievement, as well as teacher effectiveness and staff efficiency. Research has demonstrated that specific colors and patterns directly influence the health, morale, emotions, behavior, and performance of learners, depending on the individual’s culture, age, gender, and developmental level, the subject being studied, and the activity being conducted (Harrington, Kohler-Evans, Sumpter, 2008). Therefore, educators wanting to take advantage of the benefit of brain-based environment can implement classroom color schemes that maximize student involvement. For instance, like aromas, some colors elicit feelings of alertness and inspiration, while others elicit feelings of relaxation. Teacher can enhance student participation and motivation by use of color in hand-ou ts and power point presentation. In addition, teachers can use colors to elicit appropriate emotion in regard to subject matter in lessons. Such as sullen blues or vibrant reds, depending on the subject matter. Again, this greatly helps to emotionally bond the student to the lesson.Another external stimulus that greatly affects a student’s classroom environment is room temperature. Take for example, a student coming back to a warm classroom after eating a good lunch. A classroom environment that is too warm can makes students feel lethargic and unmotivated. Classrooms that are too warm are often the culprit for students falling asleep in class. On the other hand, a classroom that is too cold can make students feel distracted due to feeling uncomfortable. Based on a survey given to teachers, it was concluded that classroom conditions improved by air conditioning included reduced annoyances, improved visual display and flexibility, and comfortable conditions (Gallo, Wood, 2012). In final, teachers who understand the affect of stress and external stimuli in the learning environment and the advantages of brain-compatible learning strategies, visualize a developmentally appropriate brain- researched learning environment which allows an educational focus to preside while student autonomy prevails. Effective teachers support brain development by encouraging children to make discoveries in well-planned environments that support student autonomy (Rushton, 2008). With the benefits well outweighing the required teacher effortt and iniitiative, brain-compatible learning strategies offer far more advantages than hindrances. Students can only win in the long run when teachers utilize these strategies. References Galla, B. M., Wood, J. J. (2012). Emotional self-efficacy moderates anxiety-related impairments in math performance in elementary school-age youth. Personality Individual Differences, 52(2), 118-122. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.012 Harris, B., Lambert, C.. (2011, May). Impacting Learning. School Planning Management, 50(5), 44. Retrieved December 19, 2011, from ProQuest Education Journals. (Document ID: 2382182351). Jensen, E. (2008). Brain-Based Learning The New Paradigm of Teaching. (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press. Larzelere MM, Jones GN. Stress and Health. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. December 2008;35(4). Rogers, D. (2010). Mmmmmm . . . Peppermint and rustling leaves. Times Educational Supplement, (4887), 3. Rushton, S., Juola-Rushton, A. (2008). Classroom Learning Environment, Brain Research and The No Child Left Behind Initiative: 6 years Later. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(1), 87-92. doi:10.1007/s10643-008-0244-5 SHAH, N. (2011). Students Stress Li nked To Class Environments. Education Week, 30(24), 5. Wilmes, B., Harrington, L., Kohler-Evans, P., Sumpter, D. (2008). COMING TO OUR SENSES: INCORPORATING BRAIN RESEARCH FINDINGS INTO CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION. Education, 128(4), 659-666.

Fake News: A Global Problem

Fake News: A Global Problem Mathangii Balasubramanian Carla Nyssen Do you remember the dress worn by American First lady for the presidential inauguration back in January of 2012? Several thousands of people looked at the photo posted online of her striped dress and had overwhelmingly different opinions about what color it was. Many thought it was navy blue and white, some said it was black and white, and few others even thought it was green 4xand yellow. So what was the actual color of that dress and what was the truth? What was the reasoning behind such contrasting opinions and what does this lead to? Dress worn by The First Lady is an example how the same information was interpreted in several different ways. This comes to mind amid discussions about how fake news and outright lies has taken precedence and its serious impact.mk In this so-called world of fake news where there is unlimited freedom of information sharing, anyone can spread anything they wish on the internet around the globe and anyone can find the information and rely on the fake news which confirms their beliefs. This clearly shows the lack of publics critical thinking and fall prey to fake news. This representation of the lack of critical thinking skills is quite worrying and in order to prevent the spread of fake news and control this serious problem, root cause concerning human mind has to be understood. The unprecedented rapid growth in technology leading to a widespread increase in fake news, understanding the inherent nature of human cognition, loopholes in the media and ways to control the spread of fake news has to be understood. In order to be a discerning news consumer, it is important for oneself to be a critical thinker with the ability to differentiate fake news from real news. There were various forms of media such as television, newspapers, magazines, and radio to spread and disseminate information before internet came into existence. Ancient media methods allowed advertisements and supplements which paved way to mask the real news. Television was a phenomena in the 1960s which glued people to sit in front of their media box. Advertisements, seen as ways to mask real news was telecasted during prime time with an opportunity to reach millions of homes every day. Later, fantasy based reality shows closed the gap between real and staged events. In todays world, professional looking websites can be published and search engines and social media platforms can be programmed to create influential news. Even a technological savvy computer science or information technology graduate student can create such websites. The news media doesnt tailor its content to specific individuals, hence its varied content and far reaching impact. Information shared with the media will spread at a faster pace and to a greater extent compared to the one without media coverage. Media targets a set of people whom the message needs to be communicate. Online media provides unlimited free access to information through websites, blogs, and various applications. Internet coverage and smart devices allow easy access to news media with a finger touch. Due to the volatile nature of politics, economy, and safety environment in the world, news media plays an important role. The news media do play a significant role on the negative side as well spreading fake news through various tabloids. There were lots of fake news involving gossips, scandals and manipulated information. The news media is a profit making organization with an ulterior goal of multiplying profits. Hence advertisements and sponsored content may contain unappro ved content causing huge impact to the society. Fake news doesnt mean its outright lie, rather news that are more likely to be biased or misleading in a gentle way. It is the information that is clearly fabricated and that has been customized to look like genuine news. Its content is specifically created to appeal to an audiences pre-existing preferences. The spread of fake news with the evolution of technology has been widespread causing a huge impact. According to a historian, dating back to 18th and 19th centuries, fake news was a commonly accepted practice and newspapers were more opinionated and agenda driven. Later with the introduction of penny press in 1830s, sensational news and gossip started proliferating. Though readers didnt believe everything they read is true as many newspapers published short stories and poetry and satire was mainly used by entertainers and not journalists. Most of the fake news thats viral online consists of written pieces and recorded segments that promotes false information through means of factual reporting. For example, several reports were published by news organizations highlighting examples of hoaxes, fake news and misinformation on Election Day 2016. Fake news is created intentionally by entrepreneurs who seek to make money from advertising, and false information can also arise from misinformed social media posts by normal people who posts regularly, which spreads through a biased blogosphere. One such example was the recent post on social media by a businessman regarding protests where he connected seeing several buses lined up in downtown and the protests reports which he heard in the news media. He assumed the two were connected and posted his thoughts on social media which were soon followed by many of his followers, then taken to reddit community, blogs and were shared among the internet world causing a huge stir and confusion. Initial content of the message got manipulated in several ways leading to incorrect information sharing driven by incorrect assumptions. This is one typical example how fake news originates and propagates with the help of social media and blogs in the internet world. Incidents affecting humanity and human values signify the dark real world consequences caused by fake news. Just for political propaganda, there were lot of websites that publish completely fake and fabricated news. Fake news grew into fame taking advantage of peoples attention seeking skills, meaning if human mind pays attention to a particular topic, more articles pertaining to that topic will be produced. More than the real news, its about page views that matters as in more sensational the headline is, the more views you get and the more money that could be made from manipulating eyeballs. It is tough to ignore the historical facts about how newspapers were agenda driven in the past and how it has changed now with a focus towards free speech and unbiased content. In the recent past, some of the headlines in the newspapers and social media have left people thinking in the wrong direction before they figure out that its fake news after reading the entire article. There were several instances where one reads various fake news pages and comes up with one on his own based purely on his exaggeration with a fancy and a sensational headline, making it go viral. It is imperative for people to differentiate fake news from real ones and prevent proliferation of such fake news even for the fun aspect of it. Because of the nature of social media, most of what is published goes unmediated. While traditional journalism subscribes to strong rigor, righteous editors and a history of fact-checking, these disciplines dont exist on social media, where fake news thrives. Given the veneer of respectability of a legitimate-looking site, its easy to see how the outrage can kick off a chain reaction of commentary and public finger pointing. Any lie can gain general acceptance if it gets repeated frequently and this is one sole reason for the alarming increase of fake news. Achieving repetition is easy in this so called era of social media with a few button clicks. Social media and online search giants should take efforts to prevent fake news sites, applications and advertisements from appearing. When there is an iota of doubt concerning a website or news content, it is better to search google for confirmation reports from reputable news sites to check whether they have picked up the same news. There are many reputable online websites such as Snopes, Factcheck, etc., to name a few, to verify the authenticity of the news content. Social media users have the opportunity now to flag articles they think are intentionally false, and these articles will be screened using third-party fact checkers. Warning signs on articles such as disputed and fake tags would negatively impact its rating score on social media making it visible to fewer people in their news feeds. Technology savvy scholars have created several applications detecting fake news sites. Such applications could be installed on web browsers as extensions and warnings provided by those applications could prevent the spread of fake news and help human beings detect and recognize fake sites. Fake news could be controlled by installing fake detector applications on gadgets which analyzes its authenticity and flags fake pages. First and foremost place to look for ways to control fake news is within oneself. Rather than checking the veracity of the news content using different verification websites and fancy tools, one should check their own self to believe or not. If the story is so outrageous, it is too true to believe. Individuals should make sure that they are not being told what they want to hear. In order to become a more insightful, discerning news consumer, it is important to differentiate real and fake news and become more of a critical thinker. Part of being a critical thinker is to always question whether they are only getting part of a story or the complete one. Developing oneself as a media literate person would help overcome this situation. The government must focus on education policy in order to develop a literate society which will help people decipher between real and fake news. Government can also introduce stricter regulations on media and individuals sourcing fake news articles. Though it may cross toes with freedom of speech, it is imperative to have government backing for individuals to fight against defamation and control the spread of fake news. Government can impose fines on social media companies and websites those spread fake news, as this will force sourcing websites to impose verification checks and control the spread of fake news. Fake news is a phenomena whose spread could be controlled through collective responsible actions by the means of governmental regulations, education policy, literate society, technology and applications. At this stage, determining the legitimacy and utility of information is ultimately the responsibility of the people. Work Cited: Agrawal, Nina. Where Fake News Came in and Why Some People Believe It. The Los Angeles Times, 20 Dec. 2016, www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-fake-news-guide-2016-story.html , Accessed 08 Feb, 2017. Anand, Bharat. The U.S. Medias Problems Are Much Bigger than Fake News and Filter Bubbles. Harvard Business Review, 05 Jan, 2017 www.hbr.org/2017/01/the-u-s-medias-problems-are-much-bigger-than-fake-news-and-filter-bubbles, Accessed 16 Feb, 2017. Akpan, Nsikan. The very real consequences of fake news stories and why your brain cant ignore them. PBS NEWSHOUR, 05 Dec, 2016, www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/real-consequences-fake-news-stories-brain-cant-ignore/, Accessed 18 Feb, 2017. Yeats Poem | Second Coming | Yeats Poem | Second Coming | As the title of the poem suggests, Yeats poem is a prophetic poem that clearly shows Christs second return to the earth after the world has been engulfed in sin and sorrow. The poem was written after the first world war to depict hope for earthly occupants who have experienced torture, suffering, death ,hunger and disillusionment .The writer uses imagery to create a sense of waiting and arouse the readers interest in what is the second coming. Gyre is a word used to mean how things were moving in a spiral movement after the Second World War to bring to the readers mind the theme of confusion. Turning and turning is used to create repetition of the worlds cruel events which could present Christs Second Advent as revealed in the book of revelation. All Christians who read the bible and especially the events presenting the second coming were ready for the world to end after world war 1 because the bible warns of the war which will come before Christ returns to the earth to take his people to joyous life in heaven. The falcon cannot hear the falconer is used symbolically. In studies of wild birds, falcon is a bird of prey which kills and eats animals like hedgehogs and its flying speed when targeting its prey is more than that of cheetah. The Sentence means that the attacker or the worlds trouble maker cannot hear the creator. Falconer is the instructor of peace who can be God. Here it means the world has reached a point of no return where evil and the father of evil (the devil) is instructing the leaders of the world to seek war among nations. Suffering is the centre stage where people go hungry, and prostitution and crime are the order of the day, religious fanatics and false prophets are in the world. Concept of brotherhood has seized and the only theme in the world is every man for himself. Then things fall apart. The devil has taken much control of the world. The word mere anarchy is used to mean only and very pure. Writer uses these words in order to show the unleashing of wrath by the serpent who is the prince of darkness and together with his evil angels can cause great trouble in the world if it were not for divine power of God. During the First World War, bombs were dropped to the earths surface and people thought the end had come. These fires can be compared to the lake of fire in revelation which is portrayed as burning with brimstone where the beast, the false prophet and the dragon (that serpent of old) are tormented daily. Anarchy means lawlessness and shows how the worlds justice has been buried in an abyss. Fires of wrath dominate the whole world; diseases with no cure and immortal human suffering are used symbolically to mean the tension in the world. The words ceremony of innocence is drowned are an imagery used by the writer to show how the world is not free again and the innocent must suffer for sins which they did not com mit. Whoever commits the sins who is the anarchist, enjoys life and is unquestionable at any court jurisdiction. William butler uses this word to show how the world likes was in the days of civilization is not a place to admire. Like nowadays, the poem is very much applicable where international criminal courts have been established to prosecute evil doers who can escape punishment in their own countries because they are power barons and corrupt leaders like those of the medieval ages. The words best lack conviction and bad are always full of passion is a paraphrase. Here it can also mean that the good people need power to govern others very well in the society and that has been foiled by corruption and injustice. Powerful people on the contrary dont deliver accordingly when given the power but the wise governors say they want to be loved and those people who love believe in wisdom and how they can use it for the benefit of others and themselves. This leads to a vicious circle and c onfusion during the last days here on earth as William butler puts it. Words like revelation is coming are used in order to further develop the title of the poem and always to keep in the mind of the reader just as the title suggests, Christ must return to the world. The concept of time span is revealed by those words. Just as Christ came to the world, then in the same way will return to save mankind from destruction by the sinister person. The poet uses words like spirits mundu to bring the theme of religion in the poem and develop the poems title. Words mean that in the world, there is a pure spirit which rests in the minds of every human being and informs him about Godly issues. People then wait joyously and obey Christs commandments so as to escape eternal torment. The poet uses words like a lion like body with mans head to create fear among the readers and depict dangers associated with the weird creature. Simile is used to show how unforgiving and cruel the beast is. The beast is portrayed as passing through the desert just like the falcon of the second line to scare desert birds. Like the falcon, the beast is a symbol of evil and danger for the occupants of the earth. Desert birds are personified to human beings and again tormentation is a must. The beast represents the anti -Christ who comes before Christ return to cause a religious sway in the world. Beasts power was granted to him by the dragon (serpent) in or der to destroy loot and kill Christs followers. Rough beasts arrival brings the idea of suffering. Centuries of stony sleep is used symbolically to represent the suffering in Ireland during Williamss butlers time where he suffered to a point, and through religious meditations, thought the First World War can lead to the end of the world and Christ can come for rescue. In reality, the world was not ending but it was just beginning because the Second World War was fought but the world can end anytime .The poet uses imagery, symbolism, personification and simile to develop the theme of religion, fear, suffering, and history in his poem. In conclusion, the words used in the poem clearly fit to the message being communicated and they contribute to the development of the title second coming no other words could have been used to achieve the writers objectives.

The Social Environment Essay -- Business and Management Studies

The Social Environment Ethics and Social Responsibilities ---------------------------------- Ethics are moral principles and judgements that many people believe should be considered when a business makes any decision (for example, what is ‘right’ and ‘wrong’? What is ‘good’ and ‘bad’?). Social Responsibilities are the duties that a business has towards the people who are affected by its activities, for example, customers, employees, suppliers, and the local community. A ‘good’ business is deemed to be one which acts in a socially responsible fashion, and takes ethical decisions and actions at all times. It minimises waste, it creates wealth, it treats its employees well, it respects the environment, it does not employ ‘fat cat’ executives, it is efficient in its use of resources, it meets consumers’ expectations and it returns some of its profit to the community in which the sales are generated. Topical ethical issues in today’s business world include: 1. The exploitation of cheap labour in foreign ‘sweatshops’. 2. The use of child labour. 3. Dealing with corrupt foreign governments and businesses. 4. Causing damage to the environment. There are many advantages that businesses can gain from taking a highly ethical and socially responsible stance: 1. Attracting and retaining high quality employees. 2. Attracting new consumers. 3. Generating good publicity. 4. Attracting ethically-minded investors. However, taking a highly ethical and ...

Adolescent Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

During adolescence there is a high susceptibility to nutritional deficiencies and poor eating habits. This may lead to problems later on in life such as osteoporosis, obesity, hyperlipedemia, sexual maturation delays, and final adult height. The development of eating disorders is also prominent during this time. Adolescents require extra nutrients due to a growth spurt, which girls experience during the ages of 10 or 11, reaches its peak at age 12 and is completed by about age 15. In boys, it begins at 12 or 13 years of age, peaks at age 14 and ends by about age 19. Adequate amounts of iron and calcium are important as the adolescent body undergoes the growth period. At the ages of 9 to 18 years, both males and females are encouraged to have a calcium rich diet in order to have proper calcium deposits in the bones. This may help reduce obtaining osteoporosis in later years. Eating disorders are also common among teens whose food choices are influenced by society’s pressures to have the ideal look. Some eating disorders are classified as anorexia, bulimia, compulsive overeating or binge eating. Both anorexia and bulimia can lead to convulsions, kidney failure, irregular heartbeats, osteoporosis and dental erosion. Adolescents suffering from compulsive overeating disorder are at risk for heart attack, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, kidney disease, arthritis, and stroke. Healthy eating during adolescence is important because an individual's nutritional and dieta...

Curley’s Wife: Floozy or Innocent Girl? Essay

Curley’s wife is a young, pretty woman, who is mistrusted by her husband, Curley. The other characters refer to her only as ‘Curley’s wife,’ which is significant as she is the only character in the novel without a name. She is a simple object or possession belonging to her husband and this shows the severity of the sexual discrimination in America in 1930s. I believe Steinbeck would have thought of her not as a person but a symbol. Almost everyone on the ranch is lonely and she symbolises this. The audience would come to believe she is a weak isolated character however, the men are fearful of her. She is the wife of their boss. She has power and this power creates fear among the ranch workers. She is both in charge and screaming for attention. When we first meet Curley’s wife, the description of her suggests she is clearly overdressed for life on a ranch. ‘Her fingernails were red’ and she wore ‘red mules, on the insteps of which w ere little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.’ The repetition of the red suggests danger. This could be a warning about trouble in the future. Danger creates fear and the workers on the ranch definitely fear her. She has the power to dismiss them from their jobs or even have them lynched as she is the boss’s wife. This ‘Miss Dynamite’ image is supported by the fact that George thinks she will be trouble. He calls her a ‘tramp’, ‘poison’ and tells Lennie (who has taken a shine to her) to ‘leave her be’. He sees her as a threat and doesn’t want Lennie to get involved with someone who could potentially lose them their jobs. The audience begins to dislike this woman. This highlights the prejudice against women at the time. She comes across as a confident flirt when in company due to her body language. The first description of her includes ‘..so that her body was thrown forward’. This gesture suggests that she almost throws herself at men. George called her a ‘tramp’ and her actions are beginning to fulfill this opinion of her. I think some would view this as disappointing. Women were mainly seen in whore houses at the time. The fact that Curley’s wife had found herself a husband, lived on a ranch and not in a whore house, suggests she is a ‘good girl’. We want her to be different from the general view of women at the time which had been brought about by prejudice. Unfortunately she comes across as no different. This continues in chapter 5, when Curley’s wife consoles Lennie. ‘She moved closer’ is repeated showing how she continuously reduces the distance between herself and Lennie. It suggests she is forward and flaunting herself at him. The audience could start to feel uncomfortable and anxious at this point. This could be the moment of danger that was foreshadowed in the beginning. She seems to be the powerful Miss Dynamite. However, there are so many implications that she is a lonely victim. After she is killed there is a poignant moment in the book. The long sentences emphasise the movement of peace, time standing still before the men find her body. All the negative aspects of the character disappear and we feel sympathy for her. She tries to convey glamour and sophistication when really she is just a sweet country girl. Steinbeck describes her as ‘very pretty’, ‘simple’ and ‘sweet’ when dead. The audience now realise the simplicity of her true self. ‘†¦the discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face’ shows that she is at peace. She doesn’t have to pretend anymore. She has been putting on an act. She had a dream which we only become aware of in this chapter to become a film star in Hollywood. One theme in the book is the American dream. Lennie and George have one. However, it is suggested that this is unreachable as George talks of them owning ‘red and blue and green rabbits’ which gives the American dream a fantasy quality. The fact that Curley’s wife still seems to believe in her dream gives her a naivety and we feel more sympathy for her and the audience warm to her. I think this is the point in the book (when Steinbeck reveals her true character) that the audience can look back over the book and think of her differently, as the lonely victim. For instance, she is constantly searching for her husband which could be an excuse to mingle with the other men. ‘I’m looking for Curley’ could have a hidden meaning and she could be desperate for some attention if she is lonely. The loneliness of her character is supported by the scene with Lennie in Chapter 5. She tells Lennie the about herself and her dream. She is so desperate to talk to someone and for someone to listen. ‘.. her words tumbled out in a passion of communication’ shows how desperate she is to share her story. This desperation continues when ‘she went on with her story quickly, before she could be interrupted.’ This could be seen as her being conceited. On the other hand, she could just be overwhelmed that someone is actually listening to her so she wants to say everything before it becomes too good to be true and Lennie loses interest. This implies she has no one to talk to which is saddening as it shows how isolated she must be. This isolation is emphasised further when she can’t even connect with Lennie. The one person who she starts to befriend turns out to be too good to be true. ‘Don’t you think of nothing but rabbits?’ shows that Lennie isn’t really listening. They lose what was a potentially beautiful connection. In conclusion, Curley’s wife dreams of being Miss Dynamite but is really only the lonely victim. Her dream was to be a film star in Hollywood but she finds herself living on a ranch. One of her strengths is her status in society as the boss’s wife but apart from this she seems to be the lonely victim through and through even though she tries to cover it up with her ‘glam’ image. She hides behind a mask and the audience only realise when she dies.

Information Management in Corporate Strategy Essay

Information technology (IT) management is an integral part of the overall corporate strategies for many major companies. This is because business expansion, development and growth help in making the company a brand all around the world. Information technology brings with it efficiency, low labor costs, costs cutting, better productivity and higher profits. But for a business to rake in all the benefits it is important that the right strategy is put into place. Information Technology is a huge field benefiting various parameters of a business, it is important to study and analyze policies before implementing them. One of the examples of the use of Information technology as a corporate strategy is Fedex Corporation. It started of as an â€Å"express air delivery company in the 1970’s† later on going on to become a corporation of various smaller companies such as FedEx Services, FedEx Express, FedEx Freight, FedEx Ground, FedEx Supply Chain Services, FedEx Custom Critical FedEx Customer Information Systems, FedEx Kinko’s and FedEx Trade Networks. According to FedEx (2003), the company integrated business processes such as operations, employee training, customer services to all clients and suppliers so that integrated information can be available on the network. They launched their website www.FedEx.com in 1994, which helped in tracking on the package at any point of time. They gave away 100,000 PCs that were loaded with their software which helped in â€Å"to link and log customers† during â€Å"ordering and tracking systems†. They also were one of the first to use hand help scanners which alerted customers when the package was picked up and delivered. In addition they also warehousing techniques, did inventory management, billing, invoicing and even distribution facilities. Netscape (1999) mentioned in the article that, FedEx used Netscape for furthering Information Technology in their intranet services. There were 30,000 employees that accessed the website on various platforms. They company could also â€Å"publish internal technology reports, personnel guidelines, tax forms, employee evaluations, and project-management documentation† along with help desk support applications and customer support applications for their customers and suppliers through their information systems. In 2004 FedEx had announced that their new strategy for India that is an introduction of the FedEx Global Trade Manager (GTM) which is an online consultancy that will help in the paperwork for customs clearance for small and medium enterprises. This would help save time and avoid delays of international shipments. The other technology was the FedEx Insight, which was the web tracking solution to track any â€Å"incoming, outgoing and third-party payer shipments† of customers without the tracking number (Express Computer, 2004). FedEx Investor Relations (2006), their main aim has been to enhance further IT related projects as well as technological architectural decisions, to make use of IT as an effective support system for the all business objectives and strategies. They even have IT security to monitor â€Å"quality and effectiveness†. A periodical review is done to look into the IT â€Å"disaster recovery capabilities†. FedEx has seen an ever growing clientele only because the IT strategy has been effectively used as a part of their Company Strategy. With this plan they have not only made their clients and suppliers happy but also their stakeholders and employees.   References FedEx(2003). FedEx : Competitive Advantage Through Information Technology Retrieved as on 26 February 2008 from http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy3/BSTA063.htm Netscape (1999). Federal express intranet delivers information enterprisewide. Retrieved as on 26 February 2008 from http://wp.netscape.com/comprod/at_work/customer_profiles/FedEx.html Express Computer (2004). FedEx announces technology strategy for India. CIRCUIT EC / Bangalore. Retrieved as on 26 February 2008 from http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040614/indianews08.shtml    FedEx Investor Relations (2006). Information Technology Oversight Committee Charter. Retrieved as on 26 February 2008 from http://ir.FedEx.com/documentdisplay.cfm?DocumentID=120   

Crime Fiction Essay

Although the crime-writing genre consists of a wide array of subgenres and hybrids, these texts all focus on a criminal investigation using this as a platform/vehicle to explore and comment on the values and the social context in which it was composed. In doing so, crime fiction texts do not just tell a crime story; they make insightful social comments to inform responders. This is evident in P. D.  James’ â€Å"The Skull Beneath The Skin† (Skull) which not only follows an investigation but also comments on the justice and the emerging role of women in 1980’s Britain while Alfred Hitchcock’s 1954 film â€Å"Rear Window† (RW) is a hybrid of the crime and romance genres, exploring not only American crime and punishment but also urbanisation and gender roles. Marele Day’s 1998 novel â€Å"The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender† (Lavender) describes an investigation while also exploring its associated issues of justice and gender roles while Matt Groening’s 1995 Simpsons Episode â€Å"Who Shot Mr Burns? (Burns) parodies the classic crime conventions, focusing on the ethics of capitalism and the modern justice system. James’ 1982 novel Skull not only engages with the investigation of the murder of Clarissa Lisle, but also comments on gender roles and justice, appealing to its audience. In this text, Cordelia Gray reflects the increasing role of women in the workforce of the time, by being actively involved in the solving of a mystery. However Cordelia did not succeed in her task, which was to protect Clarissa Lisle, and even failed to prevent several deaths, including that of Simon’s. This shows that James believes Gray is incapable of dealing with such tasks, and by an extension, that detecting is â€Å"an unsuitable job for a woman. † James is warning her audience that despite the emerging role of women, they are still limited in terms of what they are capable of. Additionally, the other main females in the novel are no better. Clarissa is an egocentric, superficial femme fatale while Roma owns an unsuccessful bookshop and is in urgent need of money in order to keep her lover Colin, who is already married. Despite this, the males are also characterized equally as flawed as the females. Sir George is a dull, conservative Englishman who is a member of a right-wing, virtually fascist organisation, Simon is a fragile, insecure and socially inept teen, Ivo is a dying, bitter ex-lover of Clarissa’s while Ambrose is an insolent recluse. By providing no ideal character, James has reflected the more equalized gender roles of the 1980’s. Furthermore, James does not conclude with the conventional ‘happy ending’ where justice is served and order is restored. She instead conveys a much more credible depiction of society, reflecting a 1980’s context. Although Simon is the killer, Gray positions us to sympathise him, as he is a young, timid boy who was influenced by Gorringe to murder Clarissa. Simon dies, and is therefore punished for his crime, however the reader is positioned to dislike Gorringe as he is a manipulative and arrogant man. He is not punished, and therefore we believe that justice is not completely served as he has committed crimes as well by interfering with evidence and tax evasion. Unlike cosy school traditions, Gorringe is not legally punished due to social issues such as class and economical hierarchy. As a minor rich aristocrat, Ambrose is safe within his social position, wealth and intelligence. In reality, it is possible for the police to know ‘whodunnit’ but not be able to bring anyone to court because they do not have the evidence, highlighting the problem with law and justice in modern society. Thus Skull not only explores the process of investigating a crime but also comments on social and moral issues of gender roles and the justice system. Similarly, Lavender does not only describe the solving of Mark Bannister’s murder, but also insightfully explores gender roles and justice. Claudia Valentine is a hardened private investigator who challenges the conventions of a stereotypical hard-boiled detective. The opening segment of the novel subverts the convention of the hard-boiled subgenre as most readers would assume the protagonist is a male: â€Å"I woke up feeling like death. The blonde slept on. Thank god the black suit was hanging in the wardrobe. † Also, Claudia relies on her quick repartee and intelligence rather than her looks and does not expect any concessions due to her gender: â€Å"The crims don’t discriminate; they’ll blow away a woman on their trail just as readily as a man. Valentine does not carry a gun, a traditionally male object which can also be interpreted as a phallic symbol, but instead relies on her karate skills. Furthermore, Steve Angell, her romantic interest, plays the traditional female part of nurturing and being supportive, another socially challenging inversion. He does not interfere with her job; offers help when needed, and even cooks – showing that gender roles are now more equalized than they were in the past. Furthermore, Day comments on justice and the corruption in society as a result of the constantly increasing number of crimes. The setting creates a dark atmosphere of the seedy underbelly of the city, as Sydney is depicted as full of corruption and violence: â€Å"There is more hidden from view, the labyrinth underbelly, the city of the night. † The setting further reflects the issue of appearance and reality: â€Å"So pretty and so innocent, the facade of lights covered a multitude of sins and one of those sins was murder,† emphasising that evil insinuates itself into the city. Also, the plot focuses on Claudia’s hunt for the manuscript that would expose Harry Lavender and his crimes. She finds the text but Lavender falls into a coma, escaping exposure and justice. This subverts the conventional ‘happy’ ending and conveys a more cynical modern awareness that life is not necessarily ‘just’ or ‘fair. ’ Thus, Lavender provides insight into crime and its effect on society as well as gender roles in the modern society. RW also does not only follow an investigation of the murder of Mrs.  Thorwald, but also provides insight into gender roles and American suburban life in the 1950’s. The film reinforces the patriarchal society of its context as Stella and Lisa assume the role of assistants to Jeff, who is the observant, rational, amateur â€Å"detective,† directing and organising the solving of the crime. His observational skills confirm Thorwald as the killer whereas Lisa breaks into Thorwald’s house, only to please Jeff, and is subsequently caught. She further compromises herself, revealed in her change of costuming. At the outset, she is dressed in a richly decorated dress however by the end, she wears something more casual and practical to conform to what Jeff wants in a woman – someone â€Å"ordinary. † In the last scene she is seen reading â€Å"Beyond the High Himalayas,† an obvious passion of Jeff’s, but takes out â€Å"Bazaar† magazine when Jeff is asleep, echoing the 1950’s attitude that it is the woman who must compromise herself for the sake of her relationship with her partner. RW also explores the underbelly of suburban communities as there is no sense of a homely neighbourhood, highlighting the consequences of urbanization. The paucity of communication between the neighbours is revealed through Jeff who only interacts with his neighbours secretly and from a distance – seen when he raises his glass to Miss Lonely-Hearts. Also, the sculptress reacts in surprise when someone says ‘hi’ to her. The film further comments on the morality of voyeurism and the importance of privacy, encapsulated by Jeff’s statement: â€Å"Do you suppose it’s ethical to watch a man with binoculars, and a long focus lense†¦is it ethical even if you prove he didn’t commit a crime? When Thorwald confronts Jeff, a sense of desperation is exposed, position the viewer to sympathise him while the lack of response from Jeff suggests that perhaps he is the more heartless character, challenging the audience to question whether who really is in the wrong. Thus, this film explores the issue of voyeurism as a crime while also acting as a social commentary of 1950’s America, dealing with re lationships within the community in an urban setting and social gender roles as well as following the unraveling of a crime. Similarly, Groening’s Burns not only follows the investigation of an attempted murder of Mr. Burns, but further explores the ethics of capitalism and the flaws of the justice system. The authority of the police is constantly undermined in this text, exposing the lack of respect for the law and integrity in our justice system today. This is established in the crosscut from Eddie to Lou (policemen) who are interrogating witnesses to the shooting of Mr Burns. They appear very professional until it zooms out to reveal that the witnesses are only Maggie (baby) and Santa’s Little Helper (dog). This use of humour is very anticlimactic and highlights the inadequacy of the police force. The DNA test scene shows the scientist can be easily bribed to obtain the DNA results quicker, commenting that those with money and authority in society will benefit, and that society is very materialistic. Here, Groening presents a more modern cynical view on modern capitalist societies, in that authorities are limited and sometimes unreliable. Not only is this aspect of crime a great concern of the text, but another value explored is the evil nature of capitalism. The characterization of Burns, who is arrogant and mercenary, positions the viewer to believe that he deserved to be shot at. This is emphasised by the ominous music and extreme, awkward close-up shot of his stern, bitter face when introducing him. This text also comments on the power of big corporations and their lack of ethics, as they are mainly concerned with profit. Burns, who steals oil from the elementary school, is described as a â€Å"black-hearted scoundrel† and â€Å"selfish and arrogant† by various members of the community. The accumulation of Burns’ wrongdoings are revealed in a montage of stills from Smithers’ point-of-view looking through his binoculars at all the groups and people Burns has harmed because of his nuclear plant. Smithers acts as a foil to Burns, yelling to him, â€Å"You must be very proud!†¦ You have no moral conscience whatsoever! † emphasising Burns’ evil character. In a way, Burns’ ability to avoid death represents the lack of ‘real’ justice as the ‘big’ crime of his heartless, careless character is not punished. Thus, Burns’ main concerns are not only successful solving of a crime, but also the corruption of the justice system and the moral issue of capitalism. Therefore, despite which era and medium a crime text was composed in, they all follow the investigation of a crime while insightfully exploring associated social and moral issues including gender roles and voyeurism. In doing so, crime texts comment on the society in which it was composed and in turn, convey a valuable message about crime and punishment and other social issues to its audience.

How to Manage Time Efficiently Essay

â€Å"Why is it important for future managers to manage their time efficiently? Do you usually make the most of your day? And how?† It goes without saying that having a healthy attitude to time-keeping is very important for everyone, because if you make the most of your time, you are in good physical conditions, relaxed and have lower stress levels than those, who organize their time. Future managers control processes in an organization and they must use every opportunity as successfully and usefully as possible, leave time for their personal life to be successful and happy. Time- management is a very useful tool to achieve goals. I think it is very hard to make the most of the day, if you are perfectionist. I prefer to be self-employed, so I have to take control of my time and do as much as possible every day. There is a saying â€Å"the early bird catches the worm† so I get up early every morning, do my morning procedures promptly and go to the university. Sometimes I write a list of things to do, where I organize things I should do into categories, set priorities and then perform everything according to my list. I do not follow orders, what is very important if you want to organize your time efficiently. If I have an appointment with somebody, I am always on time for it. Time- management courses are not that effective as many think. By far the most helpful things I understood about time- management is that you should write a list of things that should be done, but no more than 7. Afterwards you should choose 1- 3 things that are necessary for you and should be done at the first place. Really, you should choose just one priority task and make it without excuses. If you made all 7 things should be extremely happy, but even if you have done just your priority, you should be glad too. I think that it is the rule- of- thumb- be glad with what you’ve done, but always aim at greater.

Part Four Chapter VIII

VIII At half-past six that evening, Howard and Shirley Mollison entered Pagford Church Hall. Shirley was carrying an armful of papers and Howard was wearing the chain of office decorated with the blue and white Pagford crest. The floorboards creaked beneath Howard's massive weight as he moved to the head of the scratched tables that had already been set end to end. Howard was almost as fond of this hall as he was of his own shop. The Brownies used it on Tuesdays, and the Women's Institute on Wednesdays. It had hosted jumble sales and Jubilee celebrations, wedding receptions and wakes, and it smelt of all of these things: of stale clothes and coffee urns, and the ghosts of home-baked cakes and meat salads; of dust and human bodies; but primarily of aged wood and stone. Beaten-brass lights hung from the rafters on thick black flexes, and the kitchen was reached through ornate mahogany doors. Shirley bustled from place to place, setting out papers. She adored council meetings. Quite apart from the pride and enjoyment she derived from listening to Howard chair them, Maureen was necessarily absent; with no official role, she had to be content with the pickings Shirley deigned to share. Howard's fellow councillors arrived singly and in pairs. He boomed out greetings, his voice echoing from the rafters. The full complement of sixteen councillors rarely attended; he was expecting twelve of them today. The table was half full when Aubrey Fawley arrived, walking, as he always did, as if into a high wind, with an air of reluctant forcefulness, slightly stooped, his head bowed. ‘Aubrey!' called Howard joyfully, and for the first time he moved forward to greet the newcomer. ‘How are you? How's Julia? Did you get my invitation?' ‘Sorry, I don't – ‘ ‘To my sixty-fifth? Here – Saturday – day after the election.' ‘Oh, yes, yes. Howard, there's a young woman outside – she says she's from the Yarvil and District Gazette. Alison something?' ‘Oh,' said Howard. ‘Strange. I've just sent her my article, you know, the one answering Fairbrother's †¦ Maybe it's something to do †¦ I'll go and see.' He waddled away, full of vague misgivings. Parminder Jawanda entered as he approached the door; scowling as usual, she walked straight past without greeting him, and for once Howard did not ask ‘how's Parminder?'. Out on the pavement he found a young blonde woman, stocky and square, with an aura of impermeable cheerfulness that Howard recognized immediately as determination of his own brand. She was holding a notebook and looking up at the Sweetlove initials carved over the double doors. ‘Hello, hello,' said Howard, his breathing a little laboured. ‘Alison, is it? Howard Mollison. Have you come all this way to tell me I can't write for toffee?' She beamed, and shook the hand he proffered. ‘Oh, no, we like the article,' she assured him. ‘I thought, as things are getting so interesting, I'd come and sit in on the meeting. You don't mind? Press are allowed, I think. I've looked up all the regulations.' She was moving towards the door as she spoke. ‘Yes, yes, press are allowed,' said Howard, following her and pausing courteously at the entrance to let her through first. ‘Unless we have to deal with anything in camera, that is.' She glanced back at him, and he could make out her teeth, even in the fading light. ‘Like all those anonymous accusations on your message board? From the Ghost of Barry Fairbrother?' ‘Oh dear,' wheezed Howard, smiling back at her. ‘They're not news, surely? A couple of silly comments on the internet?' ‘Has it only been a couple? Somebody told me the bulk of them had been taken off the site.' ‘No, no, somebody's got that wrong,' said Howard. ‘There have only been two or three, to my knowledge. Nasty nonsense. Personally,' he said, improvising on the spot, ‘I think it's some kid.' ‘A kid?' ‘You know. Teenager having fun.' ‘Would teenagers target Parish councillors?' she asked, still smiling. ‘I heard, actually, that one of the victims has lost his job. Possibly as a result of the allegations made against him on your site.' ‘News to me,' said Howard untruthfully. Shirley had seen Ruth at the hospital the previous day and reported back to him. ‘I see on the agenda,' said Alison, as the pair of them entered the brightly lit hall, ‘that you'll be discussing Bellchapel. You and Mr Fairbrother made good points on both sides of the argument in your articles †¦ we had quite a few letters to the paper after we printed Mr Fairbrother's piece. My editor liked that. Anything that makes people write letters †¦' ‘Yes, I saw those,' said Howard. ‘Nobody seemed to have much good to say about the clinic, did they?' The councillors at the table were watching the pair of them. Alison Jenkins returned their gaze, still smiling imperturbably. ‘Let me get you a chair,' said Howard, puffing slightly as he lifted one down from a nearby stack and settling Alison some twelve feet from the table. ‘Thank you.' She pulled it six feet forward. ‘Ladies and gentlemen,' called Howard, ‘we've got a press gallery here tonight. Miss Alison Jenkins of the Yarvil and District Gazette.' A few of them seemed interested and gratified by Alison's appearance, but most looked suspicious. Howard stumped back to the head of the table, where Aubrey and Shirley were questioning him with their eyes. ‘Barry Fairbrother's Ghost,' he told them in an undertone, as he lowered himself gingerly into the plastic chair (one of them had collapsed under him two meetings ago). ‘And Bellchapel. And there's Tony!' he shouted, making Aubrey jump. ‘Come on in, Tony †¦ we'll give Henry and Sheila another couple of minutes, shall we?' The murmur of talk around the table was slightly more subdued than usual. Alison Jenkins was already writing in her notebook. Howard thought angrily, This is all bloody Fairbrother's fault. He was the one who had invited the press in. For a split second, Howard thought of Barry and the Ghost as one and the same, a troublemaker alive and dead. Like Shirley, Parminder had brought a stack of papers with her to the meeting, and these were piled up underneath the agenda she was pretending to read so that she did not have to speak to anybody. In reality, she was thinking about the woman sitting almost directly behind her. The Yarvil and District Gazette had written about Catherine Weedon's collapse, and the family's complaints against their GP. Parminder had not been named, but doubtless the journalist knew who she was. Perhaps Alison had got wind of the anonymous post about Parminder on the Parish Council website too. Calm down. You're getting like Colin. Howard was already taking apologies and asking for revisions to the last set of minutes, but Parminder could barely hear over the sound of her own blood thudding in her ears. ‘Now, unless anybody's got any objections,' said Howard, ‘we're going to deal with items eight and nine first, because District Councillor Fawley's got news on both, and he can't stay long – ‘ ‘Got until eight thirty,' said Aubrey, checking his watch. ‘ – yes, so unless there are objections – no? – floor's yours, Aubrey.' Aubrey stated the position simply and without emotion. There was a new boundary review coming and, for the first time, there was an appetite beyond Pagford to reassign the Fields to Yarvil. Absorbing Pagford's relatively small costs seemed worthwhile to those who hoped to add anti-government votes to Yarvil's tally, where they might make a difference, as opposed to being wasted in Pagford, which had been a safe Conservative seat since the 1950s. The whole thing could be done under the guise of simplifying and streamlining: Yarvil provided almost all services for the place as it was. Aubrey concluded by saying that it would be helpful, should Pagford wish to cut the estate away, for the town to express its wishes for the benefit of the District Council. ‘†¦ a good, clear message from you,' he said, ‘and I really think that this time – ‘ ‘It's never worked before,' said a farmer, to muttered agreement. ‘Well, now, John, we've never been invited to state our position before,' said Howard. ‘Shouldn't we decide what our position is, before we declare it publicly?' asked Parminder, in an icy voice. ‘All right,' said Howard blandly. ‘Would you like to kick off, Dr Jawanda?' ‘I don't know how many people saw Barry's article in the Gazette,' said Parminder. Every face was turned towards her, and she tried not to think about the anonymous post or the journalist sitting behind her. ‘I thought it made the arguments for keeping the Fields part of Pagford very well.' Parminder saw Shirley, who was writing busily, give her pen a tiny smile. ‘By telling us the likes of Krystal Weedon benefit?' said an elderly woman called Betty, from the end of the table. Parminder had always detested her. ‘By reminding us that people living in the Fields are part of our community too,' she answered. ‘They think of themselves as from Yarvil,' said the farmer. ‘Always have.' ‘I remember,' said Betty, ‘when Krystal Weedon pushed another child into the river on a nature walk.' ‘No, she didn't,' said Parminder angrily, ‘my daughter was there – that was two boys who were fighting – anyway – ‘ ‘I heard it was Krystal Weedon,' said Betty. ‘You heard wrong,' said Parminder, except that she did not say it, she shouted it. They were shocked. She had shocked herself. The echo hummed off the old walls. Parminder could barely swallow; she kept her head down, staring at the agenda, and heard John's voice from a long way off. ‘Barry would've done better to talk about himself, not that girl. He got a lot out of St Thomas's.' ‘Trouble is, for every Barry,' said another woman, ‘you get a load of yobs.' ‘They're Yarvil people, bottom line,' said a man, ‘they belong to Yarvil.' ‘That's not true,' said Parminder, keeping her voice deliberately low, but they all fell silent to listen to her, waiting for her to shout again. ‘It's simply not true. Look at the Weedons. That was the whole point of Barry's article. They were a Pagford family going back years, but – ‘ ‘They moved to Yarvil!' said Betty. ‘There was no housing here,' said Parminder, fighting her own temper, ‘none of you wanted a new development on the outskirts of town.' ‘You weren't here, I'm sorry,' said Betty, pink in the face, looking ostentatiously away from Parminder. ‘You don't know the history.' Talk had become general: the meeting had broken into several little knots of conversation, and Parminder could not make out any of it. Her throat was tight and she did not dare meet anyone's eyes. ‘Shall we have a show of hands?' Howard shouted down the table, and silence fell again. ‘Those in favour of telling the District Council that Pagford will be happy for the parish boundary to be redrawn, to take the Fields out of our jurisdiction?' Parminder's fists were clenched in her lap and the nails of both her hands were embedded in their palms. There was a rustle of sleeves all around her. ‘Excellent!' said Howard, and the jubilation in his voice rang triumphantly from the rafters. ‘Well, I'll draft something with Tony and Helen and we'll send it round for everyone to see, and we'll get it off. Excellent!' A couple of councillors clapped. Parminder's vision blurred and she blinked hard. The agenda swam in and out of focus. The silence went on so long that finally she looked up: Howard, in his excitement, had had recourse to his inhaler, and most of the councillors were watching solicitously. ‘All right, then,' wheezed Howard, putting the inhaler away again, red in the face and beaming, ‘unless anyone's got anything else to add -‘ an infinitesimal pause ‘- item nine. Bellchapel. And Aubrey's got something to tell us here too.' Barry wouldn't have let it happen. He'd have argued. He'd have made John laugh and vote with us. He ought to have written about himself, not Krystal †¦ I've let him down. ‘Thank you, Howard,' said Aubrey, as the blood pounded in Parminder's ears, and she dug her nails still more deeply into her palms. ‘As you know, we're having to make some pretty drastic cuts at District level †¦' She was in love with me, which she could barely hide whenever she laid eyes on me †¦ ‘†¦ and one of the projects we've got to look at is Bellchapel,' said Aubrey. ‘I thought I'd have a word, because, as you all know, it's the Parish that owns the building – ‘ ‘ – and the lease is almost up,' said Howard. ‘That's right.' ‘But nobody else is interested in that old place, are they?' asked a retired accountant from the end of the table. ‘It's in a bad state, from what I've heard.' ‘Oh, I'm sure we could find a new tenant,' said Howard comfortably, ‘but that's not really the issue. The point is whether we think the clinic is doing a good – ‘ ‘That's not the point at all,' said Parminder, cutting across him. ‘It isn't the Parish Council's job to decide whether or not the clinic's doing a good job. We don't fund their work. They're not our responsibility.' ‘But we own the building,' said Howard, still smiling, still polite, ‘so I think it's natural for us to want to consider – ‘ ‘If we're going to look at information on the clinic's work, I think it's very important that we get a balanced picture,' said Parminder. ‘I'm terribly sorry,' said Shirley, blinking down the table at Parminder, ‘but could you try not to interrupt the Chair, Dr Jawanda? It's awfully difficult to take notes if people talk over other people. And now I've interrupted,' she added with a smile. ‘Sorry!' ‘I presume the Parish wants to keep getting revenue from the building,' said Parminder, ignoring Shirley. ‘And we have no other potential tenant lined up, as far as I know. So I'm wondering why we are even considering terminating the clinic's lease.' ‘They don't cure them,' said Betty. ‘They just give them more drugs. I'd be very happy to see them out.' ‘We're having to make some very difficult decisions at District Council level,' said Aubrey Fawley. ‘The government's looking for more than a billion in savings from local government. We cannot continue to provide services the way we have done. That's the reality.' Parminder hated the way that her fellow councillors acted around Aubrey, drinking in his deep modulated voice, nodding gently as he talked. She was well aware that some of them called her ‘Bends-Your-Ear'. ‘Research indicates that illegal drug use increases during recessions,' said Parminder. ‘It's their choice,' said Betty. ‘Nobody makes them take drugs.' She looked around the table for support. Shirley smiled at her. ‘We're having to make some tough choices,' said Aubrey. ‘So you've got together with Howard,' Parminder talked over him, ‘and decided that you can give the clinic a little push by forcing them out of the building.' ‘I can think of better ways to spend money than on a bunch of criminals,' said the accountant. ‘I'd cut off all their benefits, personally,' said Betty. ‘I was invited to this meeting to put you all in the picture about what's happening at District level,' said Aubrey calmly. ‘Nothing more than that, Dr Jawanda.' ‘Helen,' said Howard loudly, pointing to another councillor, whose hand was raised, and who had been trying to make her views heard for a minute. Parminder heard nothing of what the woman said. She had quite forgotten about the stack of papers lying underneath her agenda, on which Kay Bawden had spent so much time: the statistics, the profiles of successful cases, the explanation of the benefits of methadone as against heroin; studies showing the cost, financial and social, of heroin addiction. Everything around her had become slightly liquid, unreal; she knew that she was going to erupt as she had never erupted in her life, and there was no room to regret it, or to prevent it, or do anything except watch it happen; it was too late, far too late †¦ ‘†¦ culture of entitlement,' said Aubrey Fawley. ‘People who have literally not worked a day in their lives.' ‘And, let's face it,' said Howard, ‘this is a problem with a simple solution. Stop taking the drugs.' He turned, smiling and conciliating, to Parminder. ‘They call it â€Å"cold turkey†, isn't that right, Dr Jawanda?' ‘Oh, you think that they should take responsibility for their addiction and change their behaviour?' said Parminder. ‘In a nutshell, yes.' ‘Before they cost the state any more money.' ‘Exact – ‘ ‘And you,' said Parminder loudly, as the silent eruption engulfed her, ‘do you know how many tens of thousands of pounds you, Howard Mollison, have cost the health service, because of your total inability to stop gorging yourself?' A rich, red claret stain was spreading up Howard's neck into his cheeks. ‘Do you know how much your bypass cost, and your drugs, and your long stay in hospital? And the doctor's appointments you take up with your asthma and your blood pressure and the nasty skin rash, which are all caused by your refusal to lose weight?' As Parminder's voice became a scream, other councillors began to protest on Howard's behalf; Shirley was on her feet; Parminder was still shouting, clawing together the papers that had somehow been scattered as she gesticulated. ‘What about patient confidentiality?' shouted Shirley. ‘Outrageous! Absolutely outrageous!' Parminder was at the door of the hall and striding through it, and she heard, over her own furious sobs, Betty calling for her immediate expulsion from the council; she was half running away from the hall, and she knew that she had done something cataclysmic, and she wanted nothing more than to be swallowed up by the darkness and to disappear for ever.